The levels of GLN2 mRNAs and GS2 proteins are higher in leaves than in roots ( Ishiyama et al. GLN2 is encoded by the nuclear genome and GS2 proteins are localized in plastids and mitochondria ( Taira et al. Arabidopsis thaliana contains five GS1 proteins (GS1 1–GS1 5 encoded by GLN1 1–GLN1 5) and one GS2 protein (encoded by GLN2) ( Arabidopsis Genome Initiative 2000). GS proteins in plants are divided into two groups based on their localization: GS1 in the cytosol and GS2 in the organelles ( Taira et al. These two reactions form the GS–GOGAT cycle that is indispensable for nitrogen assimilation in all organisms. Glutamate synthase (GOGAT EC1.4.7.1 or EC1.4.1.14) produces two molecules of glutamate from glutamine and 2-oxoglutarate. Glutamine synthetase (GS EC 6.3.1.2) catalyzes the generation of glutamine from glutamate and ammonium.
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